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Strain Species Genotype Add
MOS374 C. elegans him-5(e1490) V; etyEx106. Show Description
etyEx106 [sra-6p::Cx36::YFP + flp-18p::Cx36::mCherry + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick animals with GFP+ coelomocytes to maintain. Artificial gap-junction between ASH and AVA. Reference: Pechuk V., et al. 2022, Current Biology 32, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.038
MQD1543 C. elegans daf-16(hq23[daf-16::GFP]) I. Show Description
GFP tag inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. The GFP fusion tag does not interfere with the function of DAF-16 protein. DAF-16::GFP is expressed ubiquitously in most or all somatic tissues, including neurons, intestine, body wall muscles, and hypodermis, and also in the germ cells and oocytes. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD1779 C. elegans daf-2(hq63[daf-2::ICR::NLS::gfp::mNeonGreen::NLS]) III. Show Description
Nuclear Ultrabright GFP::mNeonGreen Fluorescent protein (NuGFP) tag inserted downstream of the endogenous daf-2 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. NuGFP cassette is composed of an intercistronic region (ICR) from the C. elegans SL2-type operon, a SV40 nuclear localization sequence (NLS), the coding sequence of GFP, the coding sequence of mNeonGreen, and egl-13 NLS. The expression of NuGFP is tied to that of the endogenous daf-2, but after trans-splicing, the NuGFP protein is synthesized independently of DAF-2. This high-sensitivity daf-2 expression reporter was readily detectable in most C. elegans cells throughout development and adulthood. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2433 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::degron]) I. Show Description
GFP tag and degron inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering.The double tag of a degron sequence and a fluorescent protein sequence enables facile detection of the expression of the fusion protein and auxin-induced DAF-16 protein degradation. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2490 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::degron]) I; daf-2(e1370) III. Show Description
Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and degron inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2491 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; ieSi57 II; daf-2(e1370) III. Show Description
ieSi57 [eft-3p::TIR1::mRuby::unc-54 3' UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering.This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in somatic tissues. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2492 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; hqSi8 II; daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3) III. Show Description
hqSi8 [rgef-1p::TIR1::mRuby::unc-54 3'UTR+Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. hqSi8 was generated by replacing the eft-3 promoter of the ieSi57 insertion (oxTi179 site) with the rgef-1 promoter using CRISPR/Cas9. This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in the neurons. hqSi8 previously known as hq373. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2493 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; hqSi9 II; daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3) III. Show Description
hqSi9 [dpy-7p::TIR1::mRuby::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. hqSi9 was generated by replacing the eft-3 promoter of the ieSi57 insertion (oxTi179 site) with the dpy-7 promoter using CRISPR/Cas9. This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in the hypodermis. hqSi9 previously known as hq374. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2494 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; ieSi61 II; daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3) III. Show Description
ieSi61 [ges-1p::TIR1::mRuby::unc-54 3' UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering.This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in the intestine. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2495 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3) III; hqSi12 IV. Show Description
hqSi12 [eak-4p::TIR-1:mRuby::unc-54 3' UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] IV. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. hqSi12 was generated by replacing the sun-1 promoter and 3' UTR of the ieSi38 insertion (cxTi10882 site) with the eak-4 promoter and unc-54 3'UTR using CRISPR/Cas9. This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in the XXX cells. hqSi12 previously known as hq388. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2498 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3) III; ieSi38 IV. Show Description
ieSi38 [sun-1p::TIR1::mRuby::sun-1 3' UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] IV. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering.This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in the germ line. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2499 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; hqSi10 II; daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3) III. Show Description
hqSi10 [myo-3p::TIR1::mRuby::unc-54 3' UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. hqSi10 was generated by replacing the eft-3 promoter of the ieSi57 insertion (oxTi179 site) with the myo-3 promoter using CRISPR/Cas9. This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in the body wall muscles. hqSi10 previously known as hq375. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2500 C. elegans daf-16(hq389[daf-16::gfp::AID*]) I; hqSi11 II; daf-2(e1370) unc-119(ed3) III. Show Description
hqSi11 [lim-7p::TIR1::mRuby::unc-54 3' UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. Maintain at 15C. GFP tag and AID* inserted at the 3' end of the endogenous daf-16 gene locus by CRISPR/Cas9 engineering. hqSi11 was generated by replacing the eft-3 promoter of the ieSi57 insertion (oxTi179 site) with the lim-7 promoter using CRISPR/Cas9. This strain can be used for auxin-inducible degradation (AID) of DAF-16 protein in the gonadal sheath. hqSi11 previously known as hq378. Reference: Zhang Y, et al. BioRxiv. 2021 Aug 2. 2007.2031.454567. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.31.454567.
MQD2774 C. elegans vit-6(hq486[vit-6::mCherry]) IV; vit-2(crg9070[vit-2::gfp]) X. Show Description
mCherry knocked into C terminal of vit-6 by CRISPR/Cas9 in the background of parental strain BCN9071 vit-2(crg9070[vit-2::gfp]) X. This resulting double-labelled strain was crossed six times with N2 to remove potential off-target mutations. mCherry and GFP are co-localized in the intestine, body cavity, oocyte, and embryo in adult hermaphrodites. Reference: Zhai C, et al. Aging cell, 21(11), e13719. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13719 PMID: 36199214.
MQD2775 C. elegans vit-3(hq485[vit-3::mCherry]) vit-2(crg9070[vit-2::gfp]) X. Show Description
mCherry knocked into C terminal of vit-3 by CRISPR/Cas9 in the background of parental strain BCN9071 vit-2(crg9070[vit-2::gfp]) X. This resulting double-labelled strain was crossed six times with N2 to remove potential off-target mutations. mCherry and GFP are co-localized in the intestine, body cavity, oocyte, and embryo in adult hermaphrodites. Reference: Zhai C, et al. Aging cell, 21(11), e13719. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13719 PMID: 36199214.
MQD2798 C. elegans vit-2(crg9070[vit-2::gfp]) vit-1(hq503[vit-1::mCherry]) X. Show Description
mCherry knocked into C terminal of vit-1 by CRISPR/Cas9 in the background of parental strain BCN9071 vit-2(crg9070[vit-2::gfp]) X. This resulting double-labelled strain was crossed six times with N2 to remove potential off-target mutations. mCherry and GFP are co-localized in the intestine, body cavity, oocyte, and embryo in adult hermaphrodites. Reference: Zhai C, et al. Aging cell, 21(11), e13719. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13719 PMID: 36199214.
MR142 C. elegans cdc-25.1(rr31) I; rrIs1. Show Description
rrIs1 [elt-2::GFP + unc-119(+)]. Extra intestinal nuclei.
MR164 C. elegans lin-35(rr33) I; rrIs1. Show Description
rrIs1 [elt-2::GFP + unc-119(+)]. Extra intestinal nuclei. Superficially wild-type at 20C. Lethal at 25C.
MS438 C. elegans irIs25 V. Show Description
irIs25 [elt-2::NLS::GFP::lacZ + rol-6(su1006)] V.
MSB1088 C. elegans unc-119(ed3) III; mirIs110 V. Show Description
mirIs110 [odr-7p::TeNL + unc-122p::GFP *oxTi553 [eft-3p::tdTomato::H2B::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)]] V. GFP expression in coelomycetes. Integration of the calcium sensitive (Kd 250 nM) teal nanolantern (TeNL) into tdTomato in the oxTi553 insertion. Expression of TeNL transgene in AWA by the odr-7 promoter. Reference: Porta-de-la-Riva M, et al. Nat Methods. 2023 May;20(5):761-769. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-01836-9. PMID: 37024651.
MSB1091 C. elegans mirSi16 II; unc-119(ed3) III; mirIs110 V; mirIs107. Show Description
mirSi16 [flp-18p::lox2272::BFP::tbb-2 3'UTR::lox2272::ChR2-HRDC::SL2::jRGECO1a::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. mirIs110 [odr-7p::TeNL + unc-122p::GFP *oxTi553 [eft-3p::tdTomato::H2B::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)]] V. mirIs107 [gpa:14p::CRE + npr-9p::ChR-HRDC::YFP::SL2::jRGECO1a + rps-0p::hygroR]. Blue fluorescence in flp-18 expressing neurons. Green coelomycetes segregates with calcium sensitive (Kd 250 nM) teal nanolantern (TeNL) in AWA. ChR2-HRDC and jRGECO1a in AVA (instead of BFP) and ChR2-HRDC::YFP and jRGECO1a in AIB. HygroR. Reference: Porta-de-la-Riva M, et al. Nat Methods. 2023 May;20(5):761-769. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-01836-9. PMID: 37024651.
MSB591 C elegans trp-4(mir35mir36[trp-4::gfp]) I. Show Description
GFP tag inserted into the N-terminus of the endogenous trp-4 locus using a two-step nested CRISPR method. The GFP signal is more prominent on the tip of the nose of the animals. Reference: Das R, et al. Sci Adv. 2021 Sep 17;7(38):eabg4617. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4617. PMID: 34533987
MT10408 C. elegans lin-53(n833) I; unc-76(e911) V; lin-15A(n767) X; nEx998. Show Description
nEx998 [lin-53::GFP + unc-76(+)]. Pick non-Unc, non-Muv to maintain.
MT10865 C. elegans unc-76(e911) V; nEx1039. Show Description
nEx1039 contains [ced-10p::GFP::ced-10 + unc-76(+)]. Maintain at 20 C. Described in Lunquist et al., Development 128, 4475-4488 (2001).
MT11090 C. elegans mcd-1(n3376) II; nIs106 X. Show Description
nIs106 [lin-11::GFP + lin-15(+)] X. Egl, Him. lin-11::GFP expressed in vulva, head neurons, VC neurons. n3376 enhances ced-3(n2427). Reference: (2007) Genetics 175(4)::1719-33.
MT11318 C. elegans nIs133 I; ceh-30(n3714) X. Show Description
nIs133 [pkd-2::GFP]. Reference: Schwartz HT & Horvitz HR (2007) Genes Dev 21(23):3181-94.
MT12352 C. elegans trr-1(n3630)/mIn1 [dpy-10(e128) mIs14] II. Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+ and segregate WT, Dpy GFP+, and Sterile GFP-. n3630 predicted to cause W2132Amber.
MT13172 C. elegans mys-1(n4075) V/nT1 [qIs51] (IV;V). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+ and segregate Ste GFP- and dead eggs. The myo-1(n4075) deletion removes 1010 nucleotides from the mys-1 locus (VC5.4). Relative to the first nucleotide of the predicted initiator ATG, the deletion begins at about nt. 106 and ends at about nt. 1115 to give the junction sequence GATGCCGGT/TCTGCGTGGG.
MT13516 C. elegans isw-1(n4066) III/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT with pharyngeal GFP signal, and segregate WT GFP, arrested hT2 aneuploids, and non-GFP n4066 homozygotes (sterile). n4066 is a deletion of F37A4.8.
MT14171 C. elegans met-1(n4337) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III); met-2(n4256) III/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
n4256 is a deletion of R05D3.11 (met-2). n4337 is a deletion of C43E11.3 from the splice donor for the 4th exon through exon 7. Heterozygotes are WT with pharyngeal GFP signal. Homozygous hT2[bli-4 let-? qIs48] are inviable.
MT14533 C. elegans nDf50 nDf49/mIn1 [mIs14 dpy-10(e128)] II. Show Description
Homozygous Emb deletion chromosome balanced by GFP and dpy-10-marked inversion. Heterozygotes are WT with relatively dim pharyngeal GFP signal, and segregate WT dim GFP, Dpy bright GFP (mIn1 homozygotes), and non-GFP nDf50 nDf49 homozygotes (arrest as late embryos). Pick WT dim GFP and check for correct segregation of progeny to maintain. Reference: Curr Bio (2010) 20:367-73.
MT14725 C. elegans sfa-1(n4562) IV/nT1 [qIs51] (IV;V). Show Description
Maintain under normal condition. Heterozygotes are WT with pharyngeal GFP signal, and segregate WT GFP, arrested nT1[qIs51] aneuploids, and non-GFP sfa-1 homozygotes (arrest L1-L2 stage). Homozygous nT1[qIs51] inviable. Pick WT GFP and check for correct segregation of progeny to maintain. Reference: Ma & Horvitz (2009) PLoS 5(11):e1000708.
MT14728 C. elegans mfap-1(n4564 n5214) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT with pharyngeal GFP signal, and segregate WT GFP, arrested hT2 aneuploids, and non-GFP mfap-1 homozygotes. Pick WT GFP and check for correct segregation of progeny to maintain. mfap-1(n4564 n5214) mutants exhibit temperature-sensitive lethality: at 15°C, (n4564 n5214) homozygous animals grow and behave similarly to wild-type; at 20°C mutant animals grow more slowly, have few progeny and are hyperactive; at 25°C the mutant strain is embryonically lethal. qIs48 is an insertion of ccEx9747 (carries myo-2::GFP, pes-10::GFP, and a gut enhancer fused to GFP) onto the hT2 chromosome and is homozygous lethal. Reference: Ma L, et al. PLoS Genet. 2012;8(7):e1002827.
MT14748 C. elegans nDf51 V; nEx1184. Show Description
nEx1184 [sur-5::GFP]. Maintain by picking GFP+. nEx1184 rescues the lethality and extra seam cells in nDf51. nDf51 is a 5930 bp deletion starting 1762 bp upstream of mir-241, removing mir-241, mir-48, and F56A12.6 (snoRNA).
MT14751 C. elegans nDf50 nDf49 II; nEx1187. Show Description
nEx1187 [mir-35 mir-45(genomic) + sur-5::GFP]. Maintain by picking GFP+. Array rescues nDf50 nDf49 (mir-35 mir-45) lethality. Reference: Alvarez-Saavedra E, Horvitz HR. (2010) Curr Biol. 20(4):367-73.
MT14752 C. elegans nDf50 nDf49 II; nEx1188. Show Description
nEx1188 [mir-35 mir-45(genomic) + sur-5::GFP]. Maintain by picking GFP+. Array rescues nDf50 nDf49 (mir-35 mir-45) lethality. Reference: Alvarez-Saavedra E, Horvitz HR. (2010) Curr Biol. 20(4):367-73.
MT14753 C. elegans nDf50 nDf49 II; nEx1189. Show Description
nEx1189 [mir-35 mir-45(genomic) + sur-5::GFP]. Maintain by picking GFP+. Array rescues nDf50 nDf49 (mir-35 mir-45) lethality. Reference: Alvarez-Saavedra E, Horvitz HR. (2010) Curr Biol. 20(4):367-73.
MT14778 C. elegans nDf51 V; nEx1192. Show Description
nEx1192 [sur-5::GFP]. Maintain by picking GFP+. nEx1192 does not rescue the lethality and extra seam cells in nDf51. nDf51 is a 5930 bp deletion starting 1762 bp upstream of mir-241, removing mir-241, mir-48, and F56A12.6 (snoRNA).
MT15080 C. elegans sup-17(n1306) unc-29(e1072) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+. hT2[qIs48] animals are recessive lethal. n1306 is recessive late larval lethal. Note: qIs48 has been observed to recombine off hT2, typically leaving behind a functional homozygous viable hT2 with Bli-4 phenotype.
MT15081 C. elegans sup-17(n1315) unc-29(e1072) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+. hT2[qIs48] animals are recessive lethal. n1315 is recessive lethal. Note: qIs48 has been observed to recombine off hT2, typically leaving behind a functional homozygous viable hT2 with Bli-4 phenotype.
MT15082 C. elegans sup-17(n1318) unc-29(e1072) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+. hT2[qIs48] animals are recessive lethal. n1318 is recessive lethal. Note: qIs48 has been observed to recombine off hT2, typically leaving behind a functional homozygous viable hT2 with Bli-4 phenotype.
MT15083 C. elegans sup-17(n1319) unc-29(e1072) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+. hT2[qIs48] animals are recessive lethal. n1319 is recessive lethal. Note: qIs48 has been observed to recombine off hT2, typically leaving behind a functional homozygous viable hT2 with Bli-4 phenotype.
MT15084 C. elegans sup-17(n1320) unc-29(e1072) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+. hT2[qIs48] animals are recessive lethal. n1320 is recessive lethal. Note: qIs48 has been observed to recombine off hT2, typically leaving behind a functional homozygous viable hT2 with Bli-4 phenotype.
MT15107 C. elegans lin-53(n3368) I/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Homozygous lethal deletion balanced by bli-4- and GFP-marked translocation. Heterozygotes are WT with pharyngeal GFP signal, and segregate WT GFP, arrested hT2 aneuploids, and non-GFP n3368 homozygotes. Homozygous hT2[bli-4 let-? qIs48] inviable. Pick WT GFP and check for correct segregation of progeny to maintain.Class B SynMuv, Ste, Pvul. Reference: Harrison MM, Ceol CJ, Lu X, Horvitz HR. PNAS. 2006 Nov 7;103(45):16782-7.
MT15109 C. elegans lin-54(n3423) IV/nT1 [qIs51] (IV;V). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+ and segregate Ste GFP- and dead eggs. n3423 is PVul and sterile when alone; Muv in synMuv class A background.
MT15537 C. elegans unc-30(e191) lin-54(n3423) IV/nT1 [qIs51] (IV;V); lin-15A(n767) X. Show Description
Heterozygotes are Muv and GFP+ and segregate SteUncMuv GFP- and dead eggs. n3423 is PVul and sterile when alone; Muv in synMuv class A background.
MT15606 C. elegans met-2(n4256) hpl-2(tm1489) III/hT2 [bli-4(e937) let-?(q782) qIs48] (I;III). Show Description
Heterozygotes are WT and GFP+. qIs48 [myo-2::GFP + pes-10::GFP + ges-1::GFP]. Homozygous hT2 animals are inviable. May have lin-15A(n767) in background.
MT15695 C. elegans nIs175 IV; ceh-34(4796) V. Show Description
nIs175 [ceh-28p::4xNLS::GFP + lin-15(+)] IV. Extra GFP+ M4 observed in nIs175. Reference: Takashi H, et al. PNAS 2010 Aug 31;107(35):15479-84.
MT16231 C. elegans nIs177 sptf-3(n4850) I. Show Description
nIs177 [ceh-28p::4NLS::GFP + lin-15(+)]. Extra ceh-28p::4NLS::GFP-expressing M4 seen in nIs177 (~30% penetrance). Reference: Hirose T, Horvitz HR. Nature. 2013 Aug 15;500(7462):354-8.
MT18143 C. elegans nIs286 X. Show Description
nIs286 [mir-71(+) + sur-5::GFP] X. Rescues mir-71(n4115) lifespan defect. Reference: Boulias K, Horvitz HR. Cell Metab. 2012 Apr 4;15(4):439-50.