Species Information: C. elegans

Name C. elegans

C. elegans strains available at the CGC

Strain Genotype Description
UDN100140 nekl-1(udn66) I. nekl-1 Control edit H292H. AvaII restriction site created by synonymous changes for ease of genotyping. Wild-type looking.
UDN100142 nekl-1(udn68) I. nekl-1 Variant edit H292Q. AvaII restriction site created by synonymous changes for ease of genotyping. Wild-type looking.
UDN100194 popl-5(udn113)/tmC29 [unc-49(tmIs1259)] III. popl-5 [S99I]/tmC29 III. Variant edit. Lethal mutation balanced by tmC29. Balancer marked with myo-2p::GFP. Heterozygotes are WT with pharyngeal GFP, and segregate GFP+ heterozygotes, non-GFP popl-5 [S99I] homozygotes (larval lethal), and Unc GFP+ tmC29 homozygotes. Pick fertile wild-type GFP+ to maintain. NOTE: udn113 homozygotes are partially L3 larval lethal: some homozygotes can develop into sterile adults with protruding vulvae. Pick fertile GFP+ to maintain. AvaII site added in S99I allele for ease of genotyping. Reference: Huang et al. 2022. PMID: 35121658
UDN100215 popl-5(udn109)/tmC29 [unc-49(tmIs1259)] III. popl-5 [S99S]/tmC29 III. Control edit mutation maintained over tmC29. Balancer marked with myo-2p::GFP. Heterozygotes are WT with pharyngeal GFP, and segregate GFP+ heterozygotes, non-GFP popl-5 [S99S] homozygotes (viable and fertile), and Unc GFP+ tmC29 homozygotes. Pick fertile wild-type GFP+ to maintain. NOTE: udn109 is essentially wild-type. Pick GFP+ to prevent non-GFP popl-5 [S99S] homozygotes from taking over the population and losing the balancer! Silent AvaII site added in S99S allele for ease of genotyping. Reference: Huang et al. 2022. PMID: 35121658
CZ2475 juIs145 II. juIs145 [flp-13p::GFP + lin-15(+)] II. GFP expression in ASE, ASG, ASK, I5 and DD1-DD6. Reference: Wu Z, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007 Sep 18;104(38):15132-7. PMID: 17848506.
ZM9519 flp-14(gk1055) III; hpSi38; hpIs201. hpSi38 [flp-14(+) + NeoR]. hpIs201[ceh-10p::GFP + lin-15(+)]. GFP expression in RID neuron. Neomycin-resistant. hpSi38 is a single copy miniMos insertion a wild-type genomic fragment containing flp-14 and fully rescues the flp-14 mutant behavioral defects and RID axon defects. Reference: Lim MA, et al. Elife. 2016 Nov 18;5:e19887. doi: 10.7554/eLife.19887. PMID: 27855782
ZM6665 hpIs268. hpIs268 [unc-25p::GCaMP3si::SL2 wCherry + lin-15(+)]. Strain allows calcium imaging for D-motor neurons. Reference: Lim MA, et al. eLife 2016;5:e19887. doi: 10.7554/eLife.19887. PMID: 27855782.
CZ29001 muIs32 II; degt-1(ok3307) V. muIs32 [mec-7p::GFP + lin-15(+)]. GFP-labeled touch receptor neurons showing wild-type-like morphology. Derived by out-crossing parental ok3307 strain to remove a linked mutation in rpm-1. Reference: Jin EJ & Jin Y. (2022). A mutation linked to degt-1(ok3307) in C. elegans strain VC2633 affects rpm-1. microPublication Biology. 10.17912/micropub.biology.000565. PMC ID: PMC9073554.]
PS8177 npr-23(sy1203) I. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of npr-23. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: GTGCTTCACCAACTTGATCGCGTTGCTCGTATTGG; right flanking sequence: TGCCGGTGATCATTCATAACGTGTTCACCGGTGTC. Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: CGCGTTGCTCGTATTGGTGC Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
OH17489 egIs1 IV; otIs860. egIs1 [dat-1p::GFP]; reportedly maps to LG IV. otIs860 [flp-33p::tagRFP]. CEP neurons are marked with bright green expression (dat-1p::GFP), and can be sorted by selecting the brightest GFP. there are other cells in which the GFP marker shows up, but expression is faint. Other fluorescing neurons (ADE and PDE) will be double positive (GFP and tagRFP). Used by CeNGEN project for RNA-Seq (https://www.cengen.org/).
OP140 unc-119(ed3) III; wgIs140. wgIs140 [sbp-1::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG + unc-119(+)]. TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG tag inserted in frame at C-terminus of coding sequence by recombineering. Expression of transgene confirmed by GFP. References: Sarov M, et al. Nat Methods (2006) 10:839-44.
OP323 unc-119(ed3) III; wgIs323. wgIs323 [ceh-2::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG + unc-119(+)]. TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG tag inserted in frame at C-terminus of coding sequence by recombineering. Expression of transgene confirmed by GFP. References: Sarov M, et al. Nat Methods (2006) 10:839-44.
RW12319 ZC247.1(st12319[ZC247.1::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG]) I. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12326 ZK337.2(st12326[ZK337.2::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG]) I. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12327 ceh-44(st12327[ceh-44::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG]) III. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12328 ces-2(st12328[ces-2::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG]) I. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12332 sta-1(st12332[sta-1::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG]) IV. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12333 nfyc-1(st12333[nfyc-1::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG]) II. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12335 bed-2(st12335[TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG::bed-2]) III. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12337 dnj-11(st12337[TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG::dnj-11]) IV. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12338 crh-1(st12338[TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG::crh-1]) III. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12340 ZK1067.2(st12340[ZK1067.2::TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG]) II. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RW12339 zip-7(st12339[TY1::EGFP::3xFLAG::zip-7]) IV. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered tagged endogenous locus.
RG3302 K10H10.6(ve802[LoxP + myo-2p::GFP::unc-54 3' UTR + rps-27p::neoR::unc-54 3' UTR + LoxP]) II. Homozygous viable. Deletion of 1304 bp with Calarco/Colaiacovo selection cassette conferring myo-2 GFP and G418 resistance inserted at break in parental strain N2. Left flanking Sequence: gttggctagagtcaacccaacgctccgccc ; Right flanking sequence: CCGCGCCGTCCAGAATTGTAATACTTTCTT. sgRNA #1: tcgaaaagagggaggtgagt; sgRNA #2: AGAGTCGAACCACTGGAAGC. Please reference Au et al., G3 9(1): 135-144 2019 in any work resulting from use of this mutation.
RG3303 trmt-10A(ve803[LoxP + myo-2p::GFP::unc-54 3' UTR + rps-27p::neoR::unc-54 3' UTR + LoxP]) IV. F25H8.1. Homozygous viable. Deletion of 1172 bp with Calarco/Colaiacovo selection cassette conferring myo-2 GFP and G418 resistance inserted at break in parental strain N2. Left flanking Sequence: gggtgtaattttaaaatatgaaaatgaTTA ; Right flanking sequence: atttagaatatattttttaatgttttcaaa. sgRNA #1: ATTTATTTTAGGAGAGCCCG; sgRNA #2: atcattttggcatctttaag. Please reference Au et al., G3 9(1): 135-144 2019 in any work resulting from use of this mutation.
RG3304 F27D9.2(ve804[LoxP + myo-2p::GFP::unc-54 3' UTR + rps-27p::neoR::unc-54 3' UTR + LoxP]) X. Homozygous viable. Deletion of 3038 bp with Calarco/Colaiacovo selection cassette conferring myo-2 GFP and G418 resistance inserted at break in parental strain N2. Left flanking Sequence: CAGAAATGGGAGGAGACACGATTGAAACAG ; Right flanking sequence: TGGATTATATTGCGTGTGAGAATGGTTCCA. sgRNA #1: GAGAGAAAATTCTAGATGAC; sgRNA #2: TGGTAGTCCTTATTAGTGCG. Please reference Au et al., G3 9(1): 135-144 2019 in any work resulting from use of this mutation.
RG3305 F20D1.3(ve805[LoxP + myo-2p::GFP::unc-54 3' UTR + rps-27p::neoR::unc-54 3' UTR + LoxP]) X. Homozygous viable. Deletion of 986 bp with Calarco/Colaiacovo selection cassette conferring myo-2 GFP and G418 resistance inserted at break in parental strain N2. Left flanking Sequence: CATATGCAGCAACTTAAGAtttttttttCA ; Right flanking sequence: TATCCAACTCAGAAGAAGAAGAAGAGCTGC. sgRNA #1: GATTTGGCGCATCAACTGCA; sgRNA #2: GTAGGCATTCTGTCCATCAG. Please reference Au et al., G3 9(1): 135-144 2019 in any work resulting from use of this mutation.
RG3306 F40A3.3(ve806[LoxP + myo-2p::GFP::unc-54 3' UTR + rps-27p::neoR::unc-54 3' UTR + LoxP]) V. Homozygous viable. Deletion of 757 bp with Calarco/Colaiacovo selection cassette conferring myo-2 GFP and G418 resistance inserted at break in parental strain N2. Left flanking Sequence: ataaaaaaataaatTAAGGATGGTCGTCCT ; Right flanking sequence: CGGAGCATGAGTTGTTCTTCTGTAAAATTG. sgRNA #1: GGAGCAGAGATCTCGTTACC; sgRNA #2: CCAATTCTCAACAAGCAACT. Please reference Au et al., G3 9(1): 135-144 2019 in any work resulting from use of this mutation.
LRB434 daf-18(syb1615) IV. D137A. Daf-d. L1 starvation sensitive. M-cell arrest defective. daf-18(D137A) corresponds to human allele PTEN(D92A). Reference: Chen J, et al. G3 (Bethesda). 2022 12(6):jkac092. doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac092. PMID: 35451480.
LRB435 daf-18(syb1618) IV. G174E. Daf-d. L1 starvation sensitive. M-cell arrest defective. daf-18(G174E) corresponds to human allele PTEN(G129E). Reference: Chen J, et al. G3 (Bethesda). 2022 12(6):jkac092. doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac092. PMID: 35451480.
LRB436 daf-18(syb1516) IV. C169S. Daf-d. L1 starvation sensitive. M-cell arrest defective. daf-18(C169S) corresponds to human allele PTEN(C124S). Reference: Chen J, et al. G3 (Bethesda). 2022 12(6):jkac092. doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac092. PMID: 35451480.
NM5548 jsSi1726 II. jsSi1726 [loxP myo-2p::FRT::nlsCyOFP::myo-2 3' + mex-5p::FLP D5::glh-2 3' FRT3] II. Single component rapid RMCE landing site on Chromosome II adjacent to ttTi5605. Created from jsSi1579 (and jsSi1706) by two rounds of RMCE. Unpublished as of 5-2-2022. See https://sites.wustl.edu/nonetlab/rrmce-landing-sites/ for sequence of insertion.
NM5549 jsSi1727 I. jsSi1727 [mosL::loxP::myo-2p::FRT::nlsCyOFP::myo-2 3' + mex-5p::FLP D5::glh-2 3' FRT3::mosR] I. Single component rapid RMCE landing site on Chromosome I at jsTi1453. Created from jsTi1453 (and jsSi1710) by two rounds of RMCE. Unpublished as of 5-2-2022. See https://sites.wustl.edu/nonetlab/rrmce-landing-sites/ for sequence of insertion.
NM5738 jsSi1815 V. jsSi1815 [loxP::mex-5p::FLP::sl2::mNeonGreen + rpl-28p::FRT::GFP::his-58 3' FRT3] V. Single component RMCE landing site on Chromosome V adjacent to oxTi365. Created using CRISPR/cas9 with SEC selection and heat shock excision. Unpublished as of 5-2-2022. See https://sites.wustl.edu/nonetlab/rrmce-landing-sites/ for sequence of insertion.
NM5753 jsSi1837 IV. jsSi1837 [loxP::mec-4Sp::FRT::nlsCyOFP::myo-2 3' + mex-5p::FLP D5::glh-2 3' FRT3] IV. Single component rapid RMCE landing site on Chromosome IV adjacent to cxTi10882. Created from jsSi1669 (and jsIs1824) by two rounds of RMCE. Unpublished as of 5-2-2022. See https://sites.wustl.edu/nonetlab/rrmce-landing-sites/ for sequence of insertion.
NC3182 otIs181 III; otIs138 X; otIs396. otIs181[dat-1::mCherry + ttx-3::mCherry] III. otIs138[ser-2(prom3)::GFP + rol-6(su1006)] X. otIs396 [ace-1(prom2)::NLS::tagRFP]. Rollers. dat-1::mCherry labels ADE, CEP, and PDE neurons. ttx3::mCherry labels AIY neurons. ser-2(prom3)::GFP labels OLL, PDE, and PVD neurons. ace-1(prom2)::NLS::tagRFP labels CEP and OLL neurons. PVD can be identified by expression only GFP. An additional pair of GFP-only cells anterior to OLL are occasionally observed in this strain. Can be used to isolate PVD by FACS (green-only). Used by CeNGEN project for RNA-Seq (https://www.cengen.org/). Reference: Barbara O’Brien (2017) Diverse genetic and transcriptional programs mediate dendritic development of a nociceptor neuron. Ph.D Dissertation, Vanderbilt University. (https://ir.vanderbilt.edu/handle/1803/14489?show=full)
PS8221 pals-26(sy1228) III. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of pals-26. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: CATTGCTCAAGACATGCGAAATAACATGCAACCTGAA right flanking sequence: CGTGAGCGCCGGCAAAGGGAGCTTGAAGCTTTAG Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: CTTTGCCGGCGCTCACGTTC Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8315 npr-29(sy1270) III. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of npr-29. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: caaATGGACTTTACGGAAAATGAAGAGGAGTACGAG right flanking sequence: CATTGGACACATATTGAACGACGAGTCCCGTTTC Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: ATGAAGAGGAGTACGAGCAT Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8317 npr-33(sy1272) X. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of npr-33. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: CAAACGAGCACATTGATAAGTGTACTGGCCACCC right flanking sequence: AATCAGCTCCGCTTCAATGCTTTTCCTGTCATCCG Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: TTGAAGCGGAGCTGATTGGG Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8330 frpr-5(sy1274) V. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-5. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette) into the 1st one of the exons shared by all isoforms of the gene. left flanking sequence: gATGAAAATGCAGATCTCCTCGCGTACACCAAAA right flanking sequence: CGTTGGCTTGCCGAGGTGAACATTGTAGATGTTG Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: ACCTCGGCAAGCCAACGTTT Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8334 frpr-11(sy1278) V. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-11. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: CAACTGCTTCCTCATCTTTAAACTCACACAGTTATG right flanking sequence: ATATGGTTGAAGTGTTTGCTATGATTATGTTGCC Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: AAACTCACACAGTTATGATA Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8441 daf-2 (e1370) III; glo-1(sy1306) X. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of glo-1 in daf-2 (e1370) background. left flanking sequence: GATAAAATTTCCTACAAAGTGTTGGTAATTGGTGA; right flanking sequence: TCCAGGTGTCGGTAAAACATCTATTATTCGTCG. Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: GTGTTGGTAATTGGTGATCC Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8396 frpr-1(sy1292) X. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-1. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: GAAACAAGGCAGGTTGTCAAGGAATACGAACAGTTCA right flanking sequence: ATCTGgtgagttaaaacttcaatttagtgctatg Inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: GGAATACGAACAGTTCAATC Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8400 frpr-7(sy1296) X. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-7. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: CCTCGCCGTCGACCACCTTCATTGCCTTCATCTTT right flanking sequence: GACTGGGCCCTATACTTCATCCAAATGTTGTCGC inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: TCATTGCCTTCATCTTTGAC Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8398 frpr-9(sy1294) V. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-9. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: GCCATCAGTATTCAATGATATTCAGGCAACCATTC right flanking sequence: GATTATTCGGAGgtattataaaattctgtttattt inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: AATACCTCCGAATAATCGAA Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8426 frpr-13(sy1298) V. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-13. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: aaaaaatgatgacgctttgatttcagACACCCTTC right flanking sequence: GCAAGAACAGGACAATTCTACGAAAATCGCTCGAT inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: AATTGTCCTGTTCTTGCGAA Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8428 frpr-14(sy1300) II. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-14. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: CCGATATTTTGCAATTCCTGTTTGGGATCCACAG right flanking sequence: ATCCAGAATATTTGgtgagtttaggcttaggcttag inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: CACCAAATATTCTGGATCTG Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8430 frpr-17(sy1302) X. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-17. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: GCAGTTAATCAGTCATGATATTATCGATCCAAGCT right flanking sequence: CAGTGGGATTTCAAAACTGTGAACCTTTGgtgag inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: TATTATCGATCCAAGCTCAG Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8432 frpr-19(sy1304) IV. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of frpr-19. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: GATGATTGGCTCAACAGAGGTGCCGTTGTTTGAGG right flanking sequence: AGGAGGATATGTGTACACCACTCAACATTTCTTGTG inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: GGTGCCGTTGTTTGAGGAGG Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616
PS8444 npr-21(sy1309) X. Superficially wild-type. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered STOP-IN null mutant of npr-21. Universal 43 bp-long knock-in insertion with 3-frame stop codon (STOP-IN cassette). left flanking sequence: CTGTGTATCCTACCTTTTTGTCTTTCTGGCCACTAT right flanking sequence: AATCGgtatgccaaggatctttgttcatattttta inserted sequence between the two flanking sequence (STOP-IN cassette): GGGAAGTTTGTCCAGAGCAGAGGTGACTAAGTGATAAgctagc. sgRNA: GTCTTTCTGGCCACTATAAT Method Reference: G3 (Bethesda). 2018 Nov 6;8(11):3607-3616