More Fields
Strain Species Genotype
JPS282 C. elegans asic-1(ok415) I; vxEx282. Show Description
vxEx282 [WRM0621dC07 + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick GFP+ to maintain. GFP expression in coelomocytes. Fosmid rescues ok415. Reference: Russell J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014 Jun 3;111(22):8269-74.
JPS471 C. elegans asic-1(ok415) I; vxEx283. Show Description
vxEx283 [mec-10p::asic-1(+) + unc-122p::GFP]. Array rescues asic-1(lf) in ALMl, ALMR, AVM, PLML, PLMR, FLP, and PVD. Pick GFP+ animals to maintain. Reference: Russell J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014 Jun 3;111(22):8269-74.
JPS474 C. elegans asic-1(ok415) I; vxEx284. Show Description
vxEx284 [sto-5p::asic-1(+) + unc-122p::GFP]. Array rescues asic-1(lf) in FLP and BDU neurons. Pick GFP+ animals to maintain. Reference: Russell J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014 Jun 3;111(22):8269-74.
JPS478 C. elegans asic-1(ok415) I; mec-10(tm1552) X; vxEx478. Show Description
vxEx478 [sto-5p::asic-1(+) + unc-122p::GFP]. Array rescues asic-1(lf) in FLP and BDU neurons. Pick GFP+ animals to maintain. Reference: Russell J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014 Jun 3;111(22):8269-74.
JPS540 C. elegans tax-4(p678) III; vxEx540. Show Description
vxEx540 [tax-4(fosmid) + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick animals with GFP expression in coelomocytes to maintain array. This strain rescues tax-4 function with fosmid WRM069cE04 that includes full tax-4 genomic DNA. Reference: Russell J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jun 3;111(22):8269-74.
JPS611 C. elegans vxEx611. Show Description
vxEx611 [mtq-2p::mCherry::unc-54 UTR + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick mCherry+/GFP+ to maintain. mCherry is expressed in ventral cord neurons and most head neurons. Reference: Nordquist, S.K., Smith, S.R., and Pierce, J.T. (2018) G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, g3.200019.2018. http://doi.org/10.1534/g3.118.200019.
MAH242 C. elegans sqIs24. Show Description
sqIs24 [rgef-1p::GFP::lgg-1 + unc-122p::RFP]. Derived by injection and subsequent integration of plasmids pMH882 and pMH876. Reference: Gelino S, et al. PLoS Genet. 2016 Jul 14;12(7):e1006135. Erratum in: PLoS Genet. 2016 Aug;12(8):e1006271.
MAH349 C. elegans sqIs35. Show Description
sqIs35 [sqst-1p::sqst-1::GFP + unc-122p::RFP]. Strain over-expresses GFP-tagged p62/SQST-1, a key autophagy substrate. Reference: Kumsta C, et al. Nat Commun. 2019 Dec 11;10(1):5648.
MAH704 C. elegans sqIs56. Show Description
sqIs56 [rgef-1p::sqst-1::GFP + unc-122p::RFP]. Neuronal over-expression of GFP-tagged p62/SQST-1, a key autophagy substrate. Reference: Kumsta C, et al. Nat Commun. 2019 Dec 11;10(1):5648.
MLC1491 C. elegans lucEx881. Show Description
lucEx881 [C32C4.16::T2A::GFP::H2B(fosmid) + unc-122p::mCherry]. Pick mCherry+ animals to maintain. Wild-type morphology. Extrachromosomal C32C4.16 fosmid-based reporter. Reference: Charest J, et al. Dev Cell. 2020 Sep 24;S1534-5807(20)30672-9. PMID: 33002421
MOS370 C. elegans him-5(e1490) V; lite-1(ce314) X; fsIs22; ljIs114. Show Description
fsIs22 [osm-5p::fem-3::mCherry + unc-122p::GFP]. ljIs114 [gpa-13p?FLPase + sra-6p?FRT::mCherry::StopCodon::FRT?ChR2?YFP]. Him. Pan-ciliated masculinization with ChR2 specifically in ASH. Reference: Pechuk V., et al. 2022, Current Biology 32, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.038
MOS374 C. elegans him-5(e1490) V; etyEx106. Show Description
etyEx106 [sra-6p::Cx36::YFP + flp-18p::Cx36::mCherry + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick animals with GFP+ coelomocytes to maintain. Artificial gap-junction between ASH and AVA. Reference: Pechuk V., et al. 2022, Current Biology 32, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.038
MSB1088 C. elegans unc-119(ed3) III; mirIs110 V. Show Description
mirIs110 [odr-7p::TeNL + unc-122p::GFP *oxTi553 [eft-3p::tdTomato::H2B::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)]] V. GFP expression in coelomycetes. Integration of the calcium sensitive (Kd 250 nM) teal nanolantern (TeNL) into tdTomato in the oxTi553 insertion. Expression of TeNL transgene in AWA by the odr-7 promoter. Reference: Porta-de-la-Riva M, et al. Nat Methods. 2023 May;20(5):761-769. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-01836-9. PMID: 37024651.
MSB1091 C. elegans mirSi16 II; unc-119(ed3) III; mirIs110 V; mirIs107. Show Description
mirSi16 [flp-18p::lox2272::BFP::tbb-2 3'UTR::lox2272::ChR2-HRDC::SL2::jRGECO1a::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. mirIs110 [odr-7p::TeNL + unc-122p::GFP *oxTi553 [eft-3p::tdTomato::H2B::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)]] V. mirIs107 [gpa:14p::CRE + npr-9p::ChR-HRDC::YFP::SL2::jRGECO1a + rps-0p::hygroR]. Blue fluorescence in flp-18 expressing neurons. Green coelomycetes segregates with calcium sensitive (Kd 250 nM) teal nanolantern (TeNL) in AWA. ChR2-HRDC and jRGECO1a in AVA (instead of BFP) and ChR2-HRDC::YFP and jRGECO1a in AIB. HygroR. Reference: Porta-de-la-Riva M, et al. Nat Methods. 2023 May;20(5):761-769. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-01836-9. PMID: 37024651.
MSB273 C elegans syIs423 V; mirIs19. Show Description
syIs423 [15xUAS::?pes-10::GCaMP6s::SL2::mKate2::let-858 3'UTR + myo-2p::NLS::mCherry + 1kb DNA ladder(NEB)]. mirIs19 [nlp-12p::gal-4 + unc-122p::mCherry]. Maintain animals at 25C for several generations to enhance mKate expression in DVA to make it visible with a fluorescence dissection scope. Reference: Das R, et al. Sci Adv. 2021 Sep 17;7(38):eabg4617. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4617. PMID: 34533987
MSB340 C elegans mirEx96. Show Description
mirEx96 [flp-22p::CRE + unc-122p::mCherry]. Pick animals with red fluorescence in coelomocytes to maintain the array. SMD-specific CRE driver. Superficially wild-type. Reference: Das R, et al. Sci Adv. 2021 Sep 17;7(38):eabg4617. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4617. PMID: 34533987
MSB861 C. elegans mirSi16 II; mirIs76; mirEx69. Show Description
mirSi16 [flp-18p::lox2272::BFP::tbb-2 3'UTR::lox2272::ChR2-HRDC::SL2::jRGECO1a::unc-54 3'UTR + Cbr-unc-119(+)] II. mirIs76 [sra-6p::ChRmine::wrmScarlet::let-858 3UTR + sra-6p::TeNL]. mirEx69 [gpa:14p::CRE + unc-122p::mCherry]. Mantain by picking animals with mCherry+ coelomycetes. Blue in flp-18 expressing neurons. Expression of ChRmine, wrmScarlet and calcium sensitive (Kd 250 nM) teal nanolantern (TeNL) in ASH and PVQ. Expression of ChR2-HRDC and jRGECO1a expression in AVA (instead of BFP). Reference: Porta-de-la-Riva M, et al. Nat Methods. 2023 May;20(5):761-769. doi: 10.1038/s41592-023-01836-9. PMID: 37024651.
MT23162 C elegans kyIs511 V; nEx2316. Show Description
kyIs511 [gcy-36p::GCaMP + unc-122p::GFP]. nEx2316 [gcy-36p::gur-3 + ges-1p::GFP]. Pick animals with GFP expression in gut to maintain. Expression of gcy-36p::gur-3 causes URX to respond to light 30% of the time. Reference: Bhatla N & Horvitz HR. Neuron. 2015 Feb 18;85(4):804-18. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.061. PMID: 25640076.
NC4085 C. elegans otIs355 IV; otIs846. Show Description
otIs355 [rab-3p(prom1)::2xNLS::TagRFP] IV. otIs846 [egas-1p::GFP + unc-122p::GFP]. Pan-neuronal nuclear RFP expression. Co-expression of GFP and RFP in IL2 neuron can be used to isolate IL2 by FACS. Used by CeNGEN project for RNA-Seq (https://www.cengen.org/).
NFB1445 C. elegans rrf-3(pk1426) II; lite-1(ce314) X; vlcEx1292. Show Description
vlcEx1292 [srh-142p::mCherry::SL2::GCaMP3 + unc-122p::RFP]. Maintain at or below 20C; sterile at 25C. Pick animals with RFP+ coelomocytes to maintain. ADF-specific expression of GCaMP3. Reference: Maicas et al. PLOS Biology 2021; 19(7): e3001334. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001334
NP717 C.elegans arIs37 I; unc-119(ed3) III; cdls32. Show Description
arIs37 [myo-3p::ssGFP + dpy-20(+)] I. cdIs32 [unc-122p::DT-A(E148D) + myo-2p::GFP + unc-119(+)]. A diphtheria toxin A fragment DT-A (E148D) is expressed under a coelomocyte-specific promoter leading to the absence of coelomocytes. Worms are slightly uncoordinated, slightly dumpy and slow growing. References: Fares H & Greenwald I. Genetics. 2001 Sep;159(1):133-45. doi: 10.1093/genetics/159.1.133. PMID: 11560892. Schwartz MS, et al. PLoS One. 2010 Mar 5;5(3):e9564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009564. PMID: 20221439.
OEB730 C. elegans oqEx500. Show Description
oqEx500 [tmem-107::GFP + unc-122p::DsRed]. Pick DsRed+ animals to maintain. TMEM-107::GFP accumulates in the ciliary transition zones of ciliated neurons. Reference: Lambacher NJ, et al. Nat Cell Biol. 2016 Jan;18(1):122-31.
OH10221 C. elegans ccIs4251 I; otIs77 II; ruIs37 III; jcIs1 IV; vsIs33 V. Show Description
ccIs4251 [(pSAK2) myo-3p::GFP::LacZ::NLS + (pSAK4) myo-3p::mitochondrial GFP + dpy-20(+)] I. otIs77 [ttx-3p::kal-1 + unc-122p::GFP] II. ruIs37 [myo-2p::GFP + unc-119(+)] III. jcIs1 [ajm-1::GFP + unc-29(+) + rol-6(su1006)] IV. vsIs33 [dop-3::RFP] V. ajm-1 was formerly known as jam-1 (Junction Associated Protein) and "the gene encoding the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody MH27." jcIs1 consists of pJS191, C45D3 and pRF4. Reference: Koppen M, et al. Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Nov;3(11):983-91.
OH15881 C. elegans otEx7363. Show Description
otEx7363 [flp-3p::mCherry + flp-3p::GFP::cla-1 + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick GFP+ animals to maintain. Presynaptic GFP::cla-1 reporter for IL1 neurons with cytoplasmic IL1p::mCherry in the background. Reference: Majeed M, et al. Elife. 2024 Jan 15:12:RP91775. doi: 10.7554/eLife.91775. PMID: 38224479.
OH160 C. elegans otIs76 mgIs18 IV; lon-2(e678) hst-6(ot17) X. Show Description
otIs76 [pttx-3p::kal-1 + unc-122p::GFP] IV. mgIs18 [ttx-3p::GFP] IV. Long, otherwise phenotypically WT. ttx-3p::GFP labels AIY interneurons. hst-6(ot17) suppresses the branching phenotype of KAL-1 overexpression in AIY. hst-6(ot17) is closely linked to lon-2.
OH16263 C. elegans otEx7457. Show Description
otEx7457 [sri-9::mCherry + sri-9p::NLG1::GFP1-10 + cho-1::mCherry + cho-1p::NLG1::GFP11 + unc-122p::GFP]. ADL>AIA GRASP synaptic reporter. Please contact Oliver Hobert prior to publishing work using this strain.
OH16265 C. elegans otEx7459. Show Description
otEx7459 [srh-18::mCherry + srh-18p::NLG1::GFP1-10 + cho-1::mCherry + cho-1p::NLG1::GFP11 + unc-122p::GFP]. ASH>AIA GRASP synaptic reporter. Please contact Oliver Hobert prior to publishing work using this strain.
OH16781 C. elegans otIs796 X. Show Description
otIs796 [flp-12(promDEL3)::GFP + unc-122p::RFP] X. SMB is marked only with GFP, not red. Can be used to isolate SMB by FACS. Used by CeNGEN project for RNA-Seq (https://www.cengen.org/). This strain carries unc-122p::RFP as a co-injection marker labeling coelomocytes, which can bleed through the green channel; it is not known which red variant was used in the co-injection marker. Make sure the sorted green cells are also not red. Derived by integration of array originally generated in Kyuhyung Kim's lab.
OH17019 C. elegans otIs825. Show Description
otIs825 [degl-1p::GFP + unc-122p::GFP]. Reference: Cros C & Hobert O. bioRxiv 2022.04.19.488792; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.19.488792.
OH17072 C. elegans otIs833. Show Description
otIs833 [egas-4p::TagRFP + unc-122p::GFP]. Reference: Cros C & Hobert O. bioRxiv 2022.04.19.488792; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.19.488792.
OH17217 C. elegans otIs846. Show Description
otIs846 [egas-1p::GFP + unc-122p::GFP]. Reference: Cros C & Hobert O. bioRxiv 2022.04.19.488792; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.19.488792.
OH18145 C. elegans otIs883. Show Description
otIs883 [srab-20p::GFP::cla-1 + unc-122p::mCherry]. Presynaptic GFP::cla-1 reporter for PHB neurons. Reference: Majeed M, et al. Elife. 2024 Jan 15:12:RP91775. doi: 10.7554/eLife.91775. PMID: 38224479.
OH19078 C. elegans daf-16(ot853[daf-16::mNG::AID*]) I; otIs908 V. Show Description
otIs908 [pha-4prom2::TIR1(F79G)::mTur2::tbb-2 3’ UTR + unc-122p::mCherry::unc-54 3' UTR] V. TIR1(F79G) expression in all 22 enteric neurons (20 pharyngeal neurons, AVL and DVB), RIS and PVT. The multicopy array was inserted at the oxTi553 landing site using the Fluorescent Landmark Interference (FLInt) method. Reference: Sural S, et al. bioRxiv 2025.01.06.631508; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.06.631508.
OH19118 C. elegans otIs913 V. Show Description
otIs913 [pha-4(prom2)::daf-2(DN)::eBFP2::tbb-2 3’ UTR + unc-122p::mCherry::unc-54 3' UTR] V. daf-2(DN) encodes a dominant negative form of the DAF-2 protein, causing inhibition of the insulin receptor DAF-2. pha-4(prom2) drives expression of daf-2(DN) in all 22 enteric neurons (20 pharyngeal neurons, AVL and DVB), RIS and PVT. The multicopy array was inserted at the oxTi553 landing site using the Fluorescent Landmark Interference (FLInt) method. Reference: Sural S, et al. bioRxiv 2025.01.06.631508; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.06.631508.
OH19735 C. elegans otIs937 V. Show Description
otIs937 [ceh-19(prom2)::daf-2(DN)::eBFP2::SL2::tagRFP-T::tbb-2 3' UTR + unc-122p::GFP::unc-54 3' UTR] V. daf-2(DN) encodes a dominant negative form of the DAF-2 protein, causing inhibition of the insulin receptor DAF-2. daf-2(DN) encodes a dominant negative form of the DAF-2 protein, causing inhibition of the insulin receptor DAF-2. ceh-19(prom2) drives expression of daf-2(DN) specifically in the MC neurons in the pharyngeal nervous system. The multicopy array was inserted at the oxTi553 landing site using the Fluorescent Landmark Interference (FLInt) method. Reference: Sural S, et al. bioRxiv 2025.01.06.631508; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.06.631508.
OH19767 C. elegans otIs942 V. Show Description
otIs942 [tph-1(prom5)::daf-2(DN)::eBFP2::SL2::tagRFP-T::tbb-2 3' UTR + unc-122p::GFP::unc-54 3' UTR] V. daf-2(DN) encodes a dominant negative form of the DAF-2 protein, causing inhibition of the insulin receptor DAF-2. daf-2(DN) encodes a dominant negative form of the DAF-2 protein, causing inhibition of the insulin receptor DAF-2. tph-1(prom5) drives expression of daf-2(DN) specifically in the NSM neurons. The multicopy array was inserted at the oxTi553 landing site using the Fluorescent Landmark Interference (FLInt) method. Reference: Sural S, et al. bioRxiv 2025.01.06.631508; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.06.631508.
OH910 C. elegans otIs77 II. Show Description
otIs77 [ttx-3p::kal-1 + unc-122p::GFP] II. Overexpressing line from P. Loria. The integrated array has been mapped to LG II between stP36 and maP1. AIY interneurons have a 100% penetrant axon branching phenotype. Otherwise, the animals look phenotypically wild type.
OH912 C. elegans otIs76 mgIs18 IV. Show Description
otIs76 [pttx-3p::kal-1 + unc-122p::GFP] IV. mgIs18 [ttx-3p::GFP] IV. otIs76 is closely linked to mgIs18 on LG IV. Superficially wild-type. AIY interneurons have a 100% penetrant axon branching phenotype.
OQ195 C. elegans gmap-1(ulb13) X; ulbEx112. Show Description
ulbEx112 [gmap-1p::gmap-1(cDNA)::SL2::GFP + unc-122p::RFP]. Pick animals with RFP+ expression in coelomocytes to maintain. ulb13 is a CRISPR/Cas9 engineered 1515 bp deletion of gmap-1; flanking sequences ACCTATCCAAAGCTT and TGCCAAGACATTGAA. Expression of exogenous gmap-1 quantifiable via the GFP signal. Reference: Ngale Njume F, et al. iScience. 2022 Oct 14;25(11):105357. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105357. PMID: 36339267.
OS11082 C. elegans mgl-2(tm355) I; kyEx4787; kyEx4786. Show Description
kyEx4787 [rig-3p::iGluSnFR + unc-122p::dsRed]. kyEx4786 [rig-3p:: RCaMP1e + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick animals with dsRed+ and GFP+ coelomocytes to maintain arrays. mgl-2(tm355) shows low rate of reversals. Strain carrying transgenes to monitor glutamate input and Ca activity in AVA. Reference: Katz M, et al. Nat Commun. 2019 Apr 23;10(1):1882.
OS11091 C. elegans mgl-2(tm355) I; glt-1(ok206) X; kyEx4787; kyEx4786. Show Description
kyEx4787 [rig-3p::iGluSnFR + unc-122p::dsRed]. kyEx4786 [rig-3p:: RCaMP1e + unc-122p::GFP]. Pick animals with dsRed+ and GFP+ coelomocytes to maintain arrays. mgl-2(tm355) mutation rescues the high reversal rate of glt-1(ok206). Strain carrying transgenes to monitor glutamate input and Ca activity in AVA. Reference: Katz M, et al. Nat Commun. 2019 Apr 23;10(1):1882.
PS10640 C. elegans cmk-1(sy2277[cmk-1::mKate2::AID*::3xFLAG) IV; syIs875. Show Description
syIs875 [ins-6p::dYFP + ins-6::mCherry + unc-122p::GFP]. cmk-1(sy2277) is a C-terminal knock-in of mKate2::AID*::FLAG to be used for conditional degradation of CMK-1 protein. sy2277 is a CRISPR-engineered allele generated using the self-excising cassette (SEC) method (Dickinson et al. 2015, Genetics) with the gRNA sequence 5'-AGCGTGAAAAGCGGGTGTAGNGG-3' (note: NGG not included in the gRNA). syIs875 is an integrated transgene that includes a transcriptional and translational reporter for ins-6 and is marked by GFP in the coelomocytes. dYFP signal can be seen in ASI during reproductive growth and in ASJ (strong) and ASI (weaker) during dauer exit. Reference: Zhang MG, et al. (2024). Available at: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.20.586022v1 [Accessed 13 August 2024].
PS6742 C. elegans pha-1(e2123) III; him-5(e1490) V; syEx1342. Show Description
syEx1342 [myo-2p::fars-1(T412G)::fib-1::rps-16::GFP(S65C, SynIVS)::unc-54 3' UTR + unc-122p::mCherry::unc-54 3' UTR + pha-1(+) + pBluescript]. GFP expression in the pharynx. Maintain at 25C and pick animals with red fluorescence in coelomocytes. Expresses a phenylalanyl-tRNA capable of tagging proteins with the non-canonical amino acid p-azido-L-phenylalanine in pharyngeal muscle. Reference: Yuet KP, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Mar 3;112(9):2705-10.
PS6844 C. elegans syIs301 V. Show Description
syIs301 [myo-2p:NLS::GAL4SC::VP64::unc-54 3'UTR + unc-122p::RFP + 1kb DNA ladder (NEB)].  myo-2 cGAL driver for pharyngeal muscle.  Reference: Wang H, et al. Nat Methods. 2017 Feb;14(2):145-148.
PS6961 C. elegans syIs334 X. Show Description
syIs334 [rab-3p::NLS::GAL4SK::VP64::let-858 3'UTR + unc-122p::RFP +  pBlueScript].  rab-3 cGAL driver for the whole nervous system.  Reference: Wang H, et al. Nat Methods. 2017 Feb;14(2):145-148.
PS6963 C. elegans syIs336 X. Show Description
syIs336 [rab-3p::NLS::GAL4SK::VP64::let-858 3'UTR + unc-122p::RFP +  pBlueScript].  rab-3 cGAL driver for the whole nervous system.  Reference: Wang H, et al. Nat Methods. 2017 Feb;14(2):145-148.
PS7107 C. elegans syIs373 I. Show Description
syIs373 [15xUAS::?pes-10::HisCl1::SL2::GFP::let-858 3'UTR + unc-122p::GFP + 1kb DNA ladder(NEB)].  Histamine chloride channel cGAL.  Reference: Wang H, et al. Nat Methods. 2017 Feb;14(2):145-148.
PS7108 C. elegans syIs374 V. Show Description
syIs374 [15xUAS::(delta)pes-10::HisCl1::SL2::GFP::let-858 3'UTR + unc-122p::GFP + 1kb DNA ladder(NEB)].  histamine chloride channel cGAL effector.  Reference: Wang H, et al. Nat Methods. 2017 Feb;14(2):145-148.
PS7136 C. elegans syIs378 I. Show Description
syIs378 [15xUAS::?pes-10::mKate2::let-858 3'UTR + unc-122p::GFP + 1kb DNA ladder(NEB)].  mKate2 cGAL effector.  Reference: Wang H, et al. Nat Methods. 2017 Feb;14(2):145-148.
PS7154 C. elegans syIs391 IV. Show Description
syIs391 [myo-2p::NLS::GAL4SK::VP64::unc-54 3'UTR + unc-122p::RFP + 1kb DNA ladder (NEB)].  myo-2 cGAL driver for pharyngeal muscle.  Reference: Wang H, et al. Nat Methods. 2017 Feb;14(2):145-148.